Department of Animal Biology

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    Effect of in vivo muscular stimulations VII: Some aspects of ammonia metabolism of amphibian brain during muscular exercise and training
    ( 1980-01-01) Reddanna, P. ; Govindappa, S.
    The frogs belonging to the species Rana hexadactyla (Lesson) were subjected to localised muscular exercise and training. The muscular exercise induced decreased proteolysis and elevated soluble and structural protein fractions of the brain. The amino acid oxidations were inhibited resulting into elevated amino acid content. The training programme seems to develop improved ammonia detoxificatory mechanism in the brain. The possible correlation between the training programme and structural organisation of the brain was suggested. © 1980, Indian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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    Muscle metabolism of freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters), during acute exposure and acclimation to sublethal acidic water
    ( 1981-01-01) Krishna Murthy, V. ; Reddanna, P. ; Bhaskar, M. ; Govindappa, S.
    Fresh water fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters), were subjected to acute exposure and acclimation to sublethal acid water (pH 4.0), and the muscle metabolism was investigated. Differential patterns of carbohydrate metabolism were witnessed in the red and white muscles in response to both acute exposure and acclimation. The glycogen content of red muscle was elevated whereas that of white muscle was depleted on acute exposure. But on acclimation, both the muscles had elevated glycogen content. The red muscle seems to mobilize carbohydrates into both hexose mono- and di-phosphate pathways, but white muscle does so only into the hexose monophosphate pathway on acclimation. In general, both the muscles exhibited suppressed glycolysis and elevated oxidative phase leading to elevated glycogen level. The muscle metabolism was oriented towards conservation of carbohydrates and lesser production of organic acids on acclimation, as a possible metabolic adaptive mechanism of the fish, enabling them to counteract the imposed acid stress.
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    Muscular training through localized in vivo electrical stimulations
    ( 1981-12-01) Moorthy, C. V.N. ; Reddanna, P. ; Govindappa, S.
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    Pattern of skeletal muscle chemical composition during in vivo electrical stimulations
    ( 1981-12-01) Reddanna, P. ; Narasimha Moorthy, C. V. ; Govindappa, S.
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    Branchial protein metabolism of freshwater fish Tilapia mossambica (Peters) during acute exposure and acclimation to sublethal alkaline water
    ( 1982-05-01) Bhaskar, M. ; Vemananda Reddy, G. ; Krishna Murthy, V. ; Reddanna, P. ; Govindappa, S.
    Freshwater fish Tilapia mossambica (Peters) were exposed to sublethal alkaline water (pH 9·0) and the branchial protein metabolism was studied on acute exposure and acclimation. Branchial tissue had elevated structural and soluble protein fractions on acclimation which was correlated towards the gill hypertrophy. Proteolytic activity of the tissue was elevated on both acute exposure and acclimation. A/O ratio which forms a measure of ammonia formed per unit O2 consumption was lesser on acclimation and hence mobilization of tissue free ammonia towards glutamine formation was suggested. The metabolic modulations have been correlated towards the positive survival value of the fish in alkaline waters. © 1982 Indian Academy of Sciences.
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    Skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during short-term and prolonged in vivo electrical stimulations
    ( 1982-12-01) Reddanna, P. ; Murthy, C. V.N. ; Murthy, V. K. ; Reddy, G. V. ; Bhaskar, M. ; Govindappa, S.
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    Tissue lipid profiles in orchiectomized albino rats
    ( 1982-12-01) Vemananda Reddy, G. ; Reddanna, P. ; Govindappa, S.
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    Effect of induced bilateral cryptorchidism on the carbohydrate metabolism of reproductive tissues in albino rats
    ( 1983-01-01) Reddy, K. Venkatarami ; Geethanjali, N. ; Reddy, Y. Dhananjaya ; Reddanna, P. ; Govindappa, S.
    Bilateral cryptorchidism was induced surgically and its effect on carbohydrate metabolism of the reproductive tissue in albino rats analysed. In the reproductive tissues glycogenosis was inhibited and lactic acid accumulated. The energy metabolism of the tissues was inhibited following the suppression of androgen-dependent enzymes activities. The importance of these modulations in the reproductive tissue carbohydrate metabolism on the male fertility was discussed. © 1983 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted.
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    Induced muscular work overload and disuse on the serum carbohydrate metabolism of dog, canis domesticus
    ( 1983-01-01) Reddy, K. Venkatarami ; Reddy, Y. Dhananjaya ; Govindappa, S. ; Reddanna, P.
    Serum carbohydrate metabolism was analysed in control, control stimulated, denervation atrophied and denervation stimulated dogs, Canis domesticus. The muscular training has resulted in the hypoglycemia through the mobilization of glucose into both hexose mono- and diphosphate pathways. The denervation atrophy, on the contrary, resulted in hyperglycemia because of exactly opposite changes in the carbohydrate metabolism in the serum and also possibly due to the lack of uptake by the muscle. The training programme of electrical stimulation applied to this denervated muscle has wiped off the hyperglycemia. The importance of muscular work in modulating the serum carbohydrate metabolism was indicated. © 1983 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted.
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    Effect of in vivo electrical stimulation on the carbohydrate metabolism of control and denervation atrophied muscle of dog, Canis domesticus.
    ( 1983-10-01) David, E. ; Jayasree, V. ; Ramakrishna, O. ; Govindappa, S. ; Reddanna, P.
    The standardized programme of electrical stimulation was applied to the control and denervation atrophied muscle of dog, Canis domesticus and the pattern of changes in the carbohydrate metabolism was analysed in the control (C), denervated control (DC), control stimulated (CS) and denervated stimulated (DS) gastrocnemius muscles. The programme of electrical stimulation of the control muscle has elevated glycogenolysis, glycolysis and increased the level of operation of TCA cycle with decreased mobilization of carbohydrates into hexose monophosphate pathway, indicating the setting in of trained condition. Sciatectomy, on the other hand, lowered the level of operation of glycogenolysis and decreased the utilization of carbohydrates through hexose-mono and di-phosphate pathways and TCA cycle. The programme of electrical stimulation applied to the denervated muscle has restored the utilization of carbohydrates through hexose mono and diphosphate pathways and oxidative metabolism indicating the applicability of this programme of electrical stimulation in the treatment of muscular atrophy.
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    Pattern of ovarian and uterine carbohydrate metabolism during induced antiimplantation by (+)gossypol
    ( 1984-01-01) Reddy, R. M. ; Reddy, Y. D. ; Reddanna, P. ; Govindappa, S.
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    Effect of bilateral hysterectomy and PGF(2α) substitution on serum cholesterol fractions in albino rats
    ( 1984-12-01) Nagalakshmi, A. ; Changamma, C. ; Govindappa, S. ; Reddanna, P.
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    Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by vitamin E
    ( 1985-11-25) Reddanna, Pallu ; Krishna Rao, M. ; Channa Reddy, C.
    Purified 5-lipoxygenase from potato tubers was inhibited strongly by vitamin E and its analogs. The inhibition by d-α-tocopherol was found to be irreversible and non-competitive with respect to arachidonic acid. An IC50 of 5μM was calculated for d-α-tocopherol. The inhibition appears to be unrelated to its antioxidant function. Binding studies with 14C-labelled d-α-tocopherol revealed that there is a strong interaction between vitamin E and 5-lipoxygenase. Tryptic digestion and peptide mapping of 5-lipoxygenase-vitamin E complex indicate that vitamin E binds strongly to a single peptide. These studies suggest that cellular vitamin E levels may have profound influence on the formation of leukotrienes. © 1985.
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    Effect of antifertility agents on steroidogenesis of the albino rat testes
    ( 1986-01-01) Changamma, C. ; Reddanna, P.
    A comparative study of the effects of antifertility agents on steroidogenesis of testes were undertaken in the present study. Healthy adult male wistar strain albino rats were selected for the present investigation and they were administered by subcutaneous injections of antifertility agents like gossypol, 5-thio-D-glucose, estradiol-17B and prostaglandin F2α for 7 days. The total cholesterol content and the activity levels of 3β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenases were estimated. Impaired spermatogenesis was witnessed by the accumulation of cholesterol content in the testes and by decreasing the level of steroidogenesis in the treated rat testis.
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    Expression of glutathione S-transferases in rat brains
    ( 1986-12-01) Li, N. Q. ; Reddanna, P. ; Thyagaraju, K. ; Reddy, C. C. ; Tu, C. P.
    The tissue-specific expression of glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) in rat brains has been studied by protein purification, in vitro translation of brain poly (A) RNAs, and RNA blot hybridization with cDNA clones of the Y(a), Y(b), and Y(c) subunit of rat liver GSTs. Four classes of GST subunits are expressed in rat brains at M(r) 28,000 (Y)(c), M(r) 27,000 (Y)(b), M(r) 26,300, and M(r) 25,000. The M(r) 26,300 species, or Y(β), has an electrophoretic mobility between that of Y(a) and Y(b), similar to the liver Y(n) subunit(s) reported by Hayes (Hayes, J.D. (1984) Biochem. J. 224, 839-852). RNA blot hybridization of brain poly(A) RNAs with a liver Y(b) cDNA probe revealed two RNA species of ~1300 and ~1100 nucleotides. The band at ~1300 nucleotides was absent in liver poly(A) RNAs. The M(r) 25,000 species, or Y(δ) can be immunoprecipitated by antisera against rat heart and rat testis GSTs, but not by antiserum against rat liver GSTs. Therefore, the Y(δ) subunit may be related to the 'M(r) 22,000 subunit reported by Tu et al. (Tu, C.-P.D., Weiss, M.J., Li, N., and Reddy, C.C. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 4659-4662). The abundant liver GST subunits, Y(a), are not expressed in rat brains as demonstrated by electrophoresis of purified brain GSTs and a lack of isomerase activity toward the Y(a)-specific substrate, Δ5-androstene-3, 17-dione. This is apparently because of the absence of Y(a) mRNA expression prior to RNA processing. The data on the preferential expression of Y(c) subunits in rat brains, together with the differential phenobarbital inducibility of the Y(a) subunit(s) in rat liver reported by Pickett et al. (Pickett, C.B., Donohue, A.M., Lu, A.Y.H., and Hales, B.F. (1982) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 215, 539-543), suggest that the Y(a) and Y(c) genes for rat GSRs are two functionally distinct gene families even though they share 68% DNA sequence homology. The expression of multiple GSTs in rat brains suggests that GSTs may be involved in physiological processes other than xenobiotics metabolism.
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    I. Specificity of the glutathione S-transferases in the conversion of leukotriene A4 to leukotriene C4
    ( 1987-01-01) Chang, Mei ; Rao, M. K. ; Reddanna, P. ; Li, C. H. ; Tu, Chen Pei D. ; Corey, E. J. ; Reddy, C. C.
    We have synthesized the 5,6-LTA4, 8,9-LTA4, and 14,15-LTA4 as methyl esters by an improved biomimetic method with yields as high as 70-80%. We have investigated the catalytic efficiency of the purified cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) isozymes from rat liver in the conversion of these leukotriene epoxides to their corresponding LTC4 methyl esters. Among various rat liver GST isozymes, the anionic isozyme, a homodimer of Yb subunit, exhibited the highest specific activity. In general, the isozymes containing the Yb subunit showed better activity than the isozymes containing the Ya and/or Yc subunits. Interestingly, all three different LTA4 methyl esters gave comparable specific activities with a given GST isozyme indicating that regiospecificity of GSTs was not the factor in determining their ability to catalyze this reaction. Surprisingly, purified GSTs from sheep lung and seminal vesicles showed little activity toward these leukotriene epoxides, indicating a lack of the counterpart of rat liver anionic GST isozyme in these tissues. © 1987.